A solar battery will indicate a certain voltage according to the charge level it is in at any given moment. This is very useful to know exactly your load percentage. To do this, it is necessary to watch it at rest, that is, at least one hour after disconnecting the loads (either from the panels or from an external source such as a generator set. This must be done since while the batteries receive current, their voltage it will be distorted and not the real one. The following voltage/charge level relationship is suitable for all types of solar batteries, whether they are monoblock solar, AGM, Gel or stationary batteries:
BATTERIES WITH MAINTENANCE ACID – LEAD: In relation to batteries with maintenance, they should be checked approximately every 30 days the level of electrolytes (liquids) to extend their useful life. If the liquid level is low, it is recommended to fill it up to the indicated level with distilled water and carry out a charging process. INVERTER – BATTERY DIRECT FUSE PROTECTION To find out which fuse we have to use, we will have to divide the power of our inverter by the voltage of our solar installation. Example: For a 3000w inverter running on a 24 volt system, the formula would be as follows:
In this case we would need a fuse that is around 125 Ah for proper protection.
Battery connection method
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1. Bulk Stage: In this first stage current is supplied to the battery at maximum intensity, so that the voltage (voltage) increases rapidly until it reaches approximately 12.6 V, and then gradually to the first voltage limit. Once this limit is reached the battery is 80-90% charged, From this point on, the absorption of charging current is reduced rapidly, we are now at a potential of 14.4-14.8 V depending on the battery. if desired charging a battery bank the voltage limit would be between 10-20% of the nominal intensity of the battery, that is, between 100-200 A for a 1000 A/h battery bank. At this stage, the charge regulator that is located between the panel and the accumulator does not play any role, since the current is supplied at maximum intensity, but without it the Bulk phase would be permanent and the current coming from the solar panels could destroy the battery. due to overload.
2. Absorption Stage: In this phase the charging current slowly decreases until the battery is 100% charged. In this stage we work at the voltage reached at the end of the Bulk stage, called the absorption limit. It is important to know the values of the voltages used exactly and always in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The purpose of this stage is to recover the electrolyte, which may have been altered in deep discharge processes, so in batteries that have suffered a prolonged deep discharge, the absorption phase will be longer to ensure that the electrolyte is completely recovered.
3. Float Stage:
in this phase the battery is already 100% charged and what is done is provide the necessary current to compensate for the self-discharge, so that it remains at 100%. It works at low and constant potentials. If the battery is to be stored, the float voltage cannot vary more than 1% from that recommended by the manufacturer. For liquid batteries, it is recommended to provide voltages between 12.9-14 V, although the uselessness of the battery for long periods (months) is not recommended. On the other hand, gel batteries can be left in the float phase for long periods without problems.
4. Equalization Stage:
Its purpose is the rise of the gas inside the acid (electrolyte) causing the solution to become homogeneous; for this reason it is also called the gassing stage. In this way we avoid that in the lower part there is no greater density that could cause the sulphation of the plates. After this stage we get that all the cells have the same voltage. The controller can carry out this stage every certain period of time, if it is intended to be done by hand, it should be carried out if a disparity of values in the density of the electrolyte is detected.
